Which method is NOT typically associated with informal assessments?

• A. Observation
• B. Portfolio analysis
• C. Criterion-referenced tests
• D. Anecdotal records

Answer: (C)

Criterion-referenced tests are standardized assessments designed to measure a student's performance against a specific set of learning criteria or standards. These tests typically have defined benchmarks and are often used in formal assessment contexts to evaluate whether a student has mastered particular skills or knowledge.

In contrast, informal assessments are more flexible, unstandardized methods of evaluating student learning and progress. They include practices such as observation, portfolio analysis, and anecdotal records, all of which are designed to provide ongoing feedback and insights into a student's understanding and abilities in a more organic and qualitative manner. These types of assessments are often used in real-time learning environments to inform instruction and support student development.

Thus, noting that criterion-referenced tests are associated with formal assessment provides clarity on why this method does not align with the characteristics of informal assessments.